Analysis of the Effect of Elbow Variations on Tertiary Pipe Flow Rates in the Customer Distribution Network of PDAM Unit Tongas

Abstract

Energy losses are a significant factor affecting the capacity of pipes as water flow conductors. These losses cause a reduction in the water flow rate within pipes. Various factors contribute to Non-Revenue Water (NRW), including leaky pipe fittings, excessive elbows, pipe branching, and abrupt flow constrictions. A peak NRW of 10.2% was recorded in February 2020, highlighting the need for prompt and efficient leak management to ensure optimal sanitation services. The analysis of varying elbow configurations showed significant differences in water flow rates, although pressure changes were not as notable, with minor variations observed at low elevation points due to low pressure. Elevation also significantly influences water pressure and flow rates. Hence, appropriate pipe installations tailored to varying elevation points are necessary due to the diverse geographical locations of PDAM customers.